Anatomy of Respiratory System

                                         

                                                 A human being can survive without food for as much as several weeks and without water for several days, but the body cannot survive without air even for three to six minutes.  A constant supply of oxygen to the tissues of the body (especially to the heart and brain) is essential to maintain life. To supply this air, respiration continues to occur from the moment a new born infant takes its first breath until the death of the individual.  


In this chapter you will study how the body has adapted to obtain a continuous supply of oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide produced by the body to sustain life.

1. Ventilation :

is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract. 

1. Perfusion :

Is the blood supply to and from the lungs for the process of gas exchange (through the pulmonary circulation) and for nutrition of lung tissue (by the bronchial vessels)

1. Diffusion :

Is the exchange of gases , O₂ from the alveolar air to the  blood in pulmonary capillaries and CO₂ from  the blood in pulmonary capillaries to the alveolar air through the alveolar capillary membrane

1. Transport :

Involves the carriage of O₂ and CO_2.. Carriage of O₂  is  by oxygenated blood. This blood is transported from the capillaries in the  lung through the pulmonary veins into the heart and then through the systemic circulation to all the tissues of the body (along the aorta and the arterial network). CO₂ produced in the tissues is brought to the lung. This CO2 containing blood travels  through the venous system through the right atrium and right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary capillaries.

Introduction to the anatomy of respiratory system

The respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their smaller branches, and the lungs, which contain the terminal air sacs, or alveoli

.Most of the structures involved in respiration are located in the head, neck areas and the thoracic cavity. The structure of the respiratory system is closely involved with the movement of air.  Therefore the system is divided into two zones.  

The respiratory system is made up of two systems. 

They are

1.      a “gas conducting system” ( conducting zone)

2.      a “gas exchanging system” (the respiratory zone) and 

a “pumping system” that makes the lungs take in and expire air out of the lungs. Now lets discuss the features of  each of these zones. 

The conducting zone includes all the respiratory passageways, which provide rigid tubes (conduits) for air to reach the gas exchange sites.

The conducting zone organs also clean, humidify, and warm the incoming air. Therefore the, air reaching the lungs has fewer irritants (dust, bacteria, etc.) than when it entered the respiratory system; it is warm and saturated with water vapour.

Air travelling through the conducting zone will first enter through the nose and mouth, and then pass through the pharynx (throat region), larynx ("voice box" region) and trachea ("windpipe") before reaching the bronchi of the lungs.

The respiratory zone, is the site of gas exchange. It consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli;. 

The process of respiration is divided into four main parts, namely ventilation, perfusion, diffusion and transport.  They are briefly outlined below. 

To perform the functions of the respiratory system, it is important that the perfusion, diffusion, and transport processes occur along with ventilation. Therefore the respiratory and circulatory systems are closely linked. It is important for you to understand that if either system fails, the body cells begin to die from oxygen starvation.

The respiratory system is also involved with the sense of smell and with the production of speech. These functions too are carried out by the movement of air through the respiratory passages.

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